Mental space compared with physical space Essay

Mental space compared with physical space - Essay Example Physical space can be objective as it remains and exists regardless of the thought process of that of the recipient. Mental space ties perception with the physical world. Ones thought process and perception of events may vary depending on the individual. What one may see another may interpret differently. For example, if two people see the exact same car accident, one may have a different story as to how the entire event unfolded compared to that of some one else. There are also various externalities that may affect the perception process leaving ones interpretation to differ from the other. However, citing the example, what was factual is that an accident took place. The physical space that incurred the accident is actual and the car accident is tangible as it can be touched and it exists. Regardless of perception the fact the accident occurred remains and is virtually true. The difference between mental space and physical space can impact ones perception on social, political and culture issues. The mental space encumbers ones immediate experiences, imagination, perceptions and past circumstances that helped mold them into the current person of today. Linking these characteristics to the physical space determines ones view of reality. What may be deemed reality by that person doesnt make that perception true. For instance, using the aforementioned example of the car accident, the bystander who viewed that accident may give testimony to the police about the surrounding events of the car accident. The bystander reports what they believe to be reality when in fact it is only their view of reality. The fact the accident happened is true, however what the bystander reports seeing may not be true however it is their reality. This happens in court testimonies and when it is time to identify the perpetrator. Countless people have been released from prison only after DNA testing proved their innocence. The victims have picked out the

Folate Supplementation In Food Essay Example for Free

Folate Supplementation In Food Essay Generally, fortification of foods have proven beneficial to people over the past years as it restores the nutrients that may have been lost in food processing and also enhances the vitamins that the food contain. Examples of food fortification include the addition of Vitamin C, to an orange drink, Vitamin D to dairy products, and Vitamins B1 and B2 to bread, among many others. However, while food fortification is generally considered beneficial to consumers, a recent article, Folic Acid Fortification: One Size May Not Fit It All, which was published in Natural News. com, showed that foods fortified with folic acid increase the risk of colon cancer. While I am in generally in favor of the fortification of foods, the article made me think twice before consuming foods that are high in folic acid. Although the article showed that folic acid had a number of benefits, particularly the 20 per cent reduction of birth defects of the spinal cord and the central nervous system, it still had health risks which, for me, should be greatly considered before taking in foods that are high in folic acid. In addition, even though the number of benefits outweigh the risks when consuming food that are fortified with folic acid, I believe that food manufacturers, nutritionists and members of the health sector should further conduct a collaborative and in-depth study on folic acid-fortified foods before they are made available for public consumption. The findings of the study should be then showed to the public so that people are aware of the risks of eating too much of a certain food. Another option which I believe would greatly avoid the risks of consuming food fortified with folic acid is the modification of food labeling. At present, food labeling is mandatory. However, it only shows the amount of nutrients, carbohydrates, calories, cholesterol, and other contents of the food and not the risks associated with it. In this regard, I would recommend that food manufacturers label fortified foods which contain substances that have known health risks in such a way that the people or consumers can see what exactly the risks are. For example, if a food is high in folic acid, which were shown to increase the risks of colon cancer, its label should clearly indicate that too much consumption of this food can lead to the colon cancer or should at least contain a warning. Furthermore, I also believe one way to lessen the risks of consuming foods fortified with folic acid, is for the government to make the public more aware of the exact content of the food and the dangers associated with them. Nevertheless, the article stated that only those who consume too much food fortified with folic acid are at risk for colon cancer, which means that these kinds of food are relatively safe if consumed moderately. The bottom line is people should always be aware of the exact content of the food they are eating in order to avoid possible health risks.

Military Governments Essay -- essays research papers

Military Governments   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Military governments have been around since the days of feudalism. It is the oldest and most common political state. According to Shively, a military government is one in which a group of officers use their troops to take over the governmental apparatus and run it themselves. Military governments are usually weak in appeasing the masses for they are known to be brutal and power hungry and are also rather fragile, both internally and externally.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In its primitive state, existing as feudalism, the high ranking officials/nobility and the military itself was composed solely of the elite ruling class. But as society became more complex, the role of the elite was slightly altered as technology progressed and the nobility and kings no longer controlled weapons nor could prevent the disintegration of the feudal society.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Modern military governments usually occur after the military stages a coup. A coup is the forceful deposition of a government by all or a portion of the armed forces and installation of a new military government. Coups ordinarily take place when the present government poses a threat to the state or the status quo. Because the military controls more armed power than anyone in a state, they have the ability to take over the government at any given time. In Power and Choice, Shively questions the notion of the infrequency of military governments. Yes, they are common, but why aren't they more common? The reason being that as societies advance and become more complex, it is necessary for the ruling elite to be more knowledgeable of the processes by which a government is operated. This explains the recurrence of civilian-run governments. The military may have a few leaders who are skilled politically, but the armed forces are not customarily trained to run governments. Recall that the role of the military is to protect and serve the state, therefore there is usually a cycle, known as the Barracks cycle, in which the military brings about a coup, but later reestablishes civilian control, and is the new state threatens governmental stability, the military stages yet another coup, etc. The longer the military stays in power, the more the political state exists unstably.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In Nigeria, for ... ... form of government or evolve to a new sophisticated government.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In any case, military governments are weak internally and externally. They pose as forms of transitional governments, not necessarily in times of revolution, but in times when the state itself becomes weak or poses a threat to the status quo. Though some military governments do perservere for years and years without being overthrown, their inability to run the state efficiently forces the military to restore democracy or to stage another overthrow of the government. Also, because the military government itself takes power through no regular process as other, more stable forms of government, but simply seizes it, they encounter the problem of legitimacy. Lastly, coalitions internally are in itself a whole other government. The weakness and competition present between these coalitions usually causes the downfall of the military government and installment of a new civilian-run government decided so by the general consensus. Generally, all military governments will fail in time and return to it previous government or evolve to a whole new governmental system with a revolution.

A Narrow Fellow in the Grass – 1

â€Å"A Narrow Fellow in the Grass† By Emily Dickinson. â€Å"A Narrow Fellow in the Grass† Is believed to have been written in 1865. About a year later it was published under the title â€Å"The Snake† by a journal called Springfield Republican. This poem express nature's infamous creatures, the snake. The poem is built around what appears to be and what is. This poem is meant to be read aloud and appreciated for it's precision. Some would say â€Å"A Narrow Fellow in the Grass† is perhaps the most nearly perfect poem addressing nature. Also this poem itself has received a great deal of critical attention.In the opening lines, Dickinson cleverly states the subject of the poem, a snake. She makes the snake sound harmless. The term â€Å"narrow Fellow† is a nice form of colloquial language â€Å"narrow† meaning small, and â€Å"fellow† being a familiar term for boy or man. The choice of words she uses is also interesting like the word à ¢â‚¬Å"rides† sounds like â€Å"glides†. It gives the impression that the snake is being carried, or that it is floating about. The words could also say torment, harass, of tease which would fit the snake's sly tempter.Also the snake seems to take people by surprise. Lines five through eight describes the way a snake moves through tall grass. The grass is compared to hair and the snake is compared to a comb. The snake is quick, long, slender, and marked with spots. The snake slanders along in a ghost like manner. In the lines following nine through twelve the snake likes wet and mushy land. The corns dry environment is not suitable for the snakes wet environment therefore a snake will not be found in a corn field.The speaker mentions that he is barefoot in a childhood encounter, which the thought of a snake slithering across a humans bare skin makes many people cringe. The word â€Å"barefoot† makes the speaker seem even more vulnerable to the snake's potential th reat. In lines thirteen through sixteen the speaker continues to talk about his childhood encounter and he sees something that seems to be a whip-lash. He bends down to pick up the â€Å"whip† just to find that it is slithering away. Oddly, the definition of â€Å"wrinkle† is â€Å"a clever trick†.In these lines he was tricked by the snake for it was not what it appeared to be. The image of a snake â€Å"wrinkling† suggests the snake was frightened by the approach of the speaker. Also, in lines seventeen through twenty the speaker claims to have a connection to the outdoors and its animals. He feels close to these creatures and he describes this connection as a â€Å"transport† In lines twenty one through twenty four the speaker describes the feeling of an encounter with a snake as a moment of shock and fear.He mentions on how he had tighter breathing from the panic. Most people who has encountered with a snake has felt the fear and the panic. In the final line he describes the feeling with the metaphor â€Å"zero at the bone† referring to the bone chilling terror. The end suggest that the snake which is referred as harmless might possible be deceptive. The speaker, which suggest that he loves all animals, cannot love dangerous trickster the snake in the grass. The speaker reacts to the snake as if it were a living terror of the unknown, for it is both chilling and startling.Dickinson wrote several â€Å"riddle† type poems, where she uses metaphor to compare her subject to something, without letting you know. Each stanza has â€Å"clues† in the form of imagery, pictures such as the grass â€Å"as a comb†. â€Å"A Narrow Fellow in the Grass† is written in six quatrains, or stanzas of four lines each, rhyming only in the second and fourth lines. Most of the rhythms are iambic, meaning the poem has regularly recurring segments, in which the first syllable is unstressed and the second is stress ed. â€Å"A Narrow Fellow in the Grass† can be interpreted on several levels.It could be read as just a description of the snake. Also Dickinson's imagery can be read as sexually nuanced. Dickinson's poetic technique is very much an art form she worked hard to refine and hone. The readers today can gain so much from Dickinson poems and her technique. She leaves so much unsaid, and yet, says so much with so little. Dickinson uses the device of sound throughout this poem; hearing this poem is as important as seeing the words. Dickinson creates both a visual and an auditory image of the snake with her language.

Proposal Plan Essay

The purpose for the organization Riordan Manufacturing is to stay put in a dynamic, self-motivated and energetic business environment. Riordan Manufacturing is a successful business looking to progress overall presentation and place the company for potential expansion. In order for this to follow through, a total rewards program needs to be created. The incentives and compensation plan, must connect with the goals of the organization. A solid rewards program will build motivation in the work place. As the text states, † the notions that rewards are means to motivate employees assuming that the rewards are distributed fairly. Rewards seem to be part of many different perspectives in motivation.† (Shani & Chandler, 2009, p. 8) The most important part are the employees in this organization, and sadly the motivation is not up to par. Employees who lack motivation, insinuates that employees are not receiving proper rewards. Instead of management focusing on only one specific part of a department, they should rather work together towards a solid vision for the business. Presently, there is room for opportunity, to actually analyze the Human Resource Management system and see what are the problems which are leading employees to show lack of motivation. (Riordan Manufacturing, p.2) Through various research, employees and outside sources, especially Human Capital Consulting firms, believe that financial compensation is lower than market value. Employees are also not comprehending how pay intertwines with job performance. 2003 to 2004 surveys show that employees think that pay connects to seniority. (Chen & Hsieh, 2006, p.13) Adding to standard compensation, individual rewards are not well connected to performance. For example, departments like IT and R&D focus the sales force and rarely see no return. The lack of proper positioning for financial compensation and work performance is causing confusion and affecting the motivational problems. Riordan Manufacturing needs to acknowledge that employees views need to be considered. Hence why the distance in understanding between the employees and the business needs to be fixed. Alterations to financial compensation can be expensive. The consultant from Human Capital Consulting the reward and compensation system needs to be fully reformed. The total cost of the reward system alterations are about $175,000. Since the business has been dealing with sales declining an investment of that sort would put the organization at a high risk. (Gross, 1994, p.1). Even though it has to deal with that expense the organization has the chance to compete better in the market and lessen the risk of losing employees to other businesses due to financial compensation formats. This problem can be resolved if the management team at Riordan Manufacturing takes into consideration the cause of external competition. Key objectives to consider are to make certain that the pay is enough to attract and sustain employees. If employees do not see that their pay is competitive compared to what other organizations are giving for the same type of work, then that might cause for the employee to leave. Even though employee motivation and financial compensation are viewed as big problems for Riordan, the business ability to form attraction and support career enhancement has been weakening. The problems can be caused by the lack of Human Resource Management in the business strategic human capital management, with a failure by leadership to form a successful culture that aids the business objectives. As the business sets itself straight and alters its strategy, it will be vital to effectively train employees and make certain that they are set for the challenges that come their way. Sadly, motivation issues are harming the business and may affect the strategic changes. Examples of the weak culture and employee development are seen in the Research & Development and IT parts of the organization. Each section contributes to the success of the business but receives rarely any recognition, whether it is pay or just an overall recognition. Riordan Manufacturing has the chance to brace the culture and form a complete employee development system that supports the enterprises vision and goals for the future. To add to this the business has the ability to explore other areas aside from the financial compensation to augment employee motivation and job satisfaction. Executing a career development system will not be enough for long-term enhancements. Management at Riordan Manufacturing will need to center on building situations that practice career development. (Mason, 2000, pg. 22) Employees at Riordan Manufacturing have different interests. These interest can include financial compensation, career enhancement or development, strong and effective communication and of course support from the management team. Employees have the right to be rewarded fairly and be acknowledged for their efforts and hard work to the organization. To add to this, employees have the right to be included in the organizations culture instead of being part of teams that are divided up. This usually leads to a lack of direction. Employees crave cooperation, a challenging working environment and dedication. That’s why effective end state goals would be to make certain that employee motivation is being measured effectively. Also, form career development plans and spot out important achievements within the business. Not only employee motivation should be worked on, but also set up a comprehensive rewards system. The reward system will give employees the chance to take charge of their reward as well as form a spot to market benefits that pertain to Riordan Manufacturing employees. An internal web application should be created by HR. (Donavan, 2005, pg12) The system will center on benefits administration, cross-function team goal management, and incentive rewards tracking systems. Employees will have the option of reviewing their benefits and make alterations on their time. Also, managers will be able to appraise the improvement and donations made by cross-functional teams. Sales statistics will also be part of the reward system to keep track of sales performance. Riordan Manufacturing needs to restructure its employee compensation program. This means, that the organization needs to first acknowledge that employee motivation is low. From there, increase it, by rewarding employees for a job well done. Acknowledging them in front of their employees, and even bonuses will be nice. Flexible schedule is so important. Basically, re-evaluating everything to make certain that employees are feeling valued. References Chen, H.M., Hsieh, Y.H. (2006). Key Trends of the Total Reward System in the 21st Century. Retrieved January 5, 2013 from, http://cbr.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/38/6/64 Donavan, D. (2005). Don’t bar bosses from extra perks. Employee Benefits; p9-9, 1/4p, 1c. Retrieved from EBSCOhost Database. 18382022 Gross, S.E., Paul, B.N. (1994). Missing links?. Across the Board; Vol. 31 Issue 2. Retrieved January 15, 2013 from, EBSCOhost Database. 9411170727 Mason, J. (2000). Getting Paid For Giving Advice. Financial Planning; Vol. 30 Issue 6. Retrieved January 11, 2013 from EBSCOhost Database. 3182580 Riordan Manufacturing. Retrieved January 3, 2013, from http://riordan- manufacturing.ciiio.com/ Shani, A.B. R., Chandler, D., & Coget, J. (2009). Behavior In Organizations: An Experiential Approach (9th ed.). Retrieved from The University of Phoenix eBook Collection database.

Free Online Public Schools for North Carolina Students

Free Online Public Schools for North Carolina Students North Carolina offers resident students the opportunity to take online public school courses for free. Below is a list of no-cost online schools currently serving elementary and high school students in North Carolina. To qualify for this list, schools must meet the following qualifications- classes must be available completely online, they must offer services to state residents, and they must be funded by the government. North Carolina Virtual Public School North Carolina Virtual Public School (NCVPS) was established by the state legislature to provide e-learning opportunities to students. â€Å"NCVPS shall be available at no cost to all students in North Carolina who are enrolled in North Carolina’s public schools, Department of Defense schools, and schools operated by the Bureau of Indian Affairs,† the legislature said in creating the school. The schools website notes: NCVPS benefits students through expanded academic options in teacher-led, online courses aligned to the  North Carolina Common Core Standards  and the  North Carolina Essential Standards. Regardless of students’ geographic location or economic circumstances, they can enroll in quality online courses taught by highly qualified, North Carolina licensed teachers. NCVPS provides students online courses in many subject areas including mathematics, science, English language arts, social studies, arts, advanced placement, honors, and world languages. Other courses include test preparation, credit recovery, and (an) Occupational Course of Study (OCS). To take part in the virtual learning program, students enroll through their local public school. Grades are reported to their local school, which awards them credit. The North Carolina Virtual Public School has served over 175,000 middle and high school students since launching in the summer of 2007. North Carolina Virtual Academy North Carolina Virtual Academy (NCVA), an online public charter school authorized by the North Carolina Department of Public Instruction, offers North Carolina students in grades K-12 individual, online learning. A relatively new program, the virtual school says it offers a combination of individualized learning and flexible scheduling, delivered through: A K-12 curriculum that covers the core subject areas and electives.Experienced, highly qualified North Carolina-certified teachers, who are connected to students and parents by phone.Online planning and assessment tools and resources, and hands-on materials ranging from textbooks to telescopes, from rocks and soil to illustrated classic childrens stories.An active, supportive school community which organizes monthly activities where North Carolina parents, students, and staff socialize and share their experiences. ​​North Carolina School of Science and Mathematics Online NCSSM Online- the second-largest state virtual school in the United states- is a tuition-free two-year online program sponsored by the NC School of Science and Mathematics for junior and senior high school students. The program is not completely online: The school offers a supplemental program  that serves students who remain  enrolled at  their local schools. Highly qualified students can apply to either the online program or the onsite school, which offers the same curriculum free of charge to students who are accepted. The school, which  emphasizes  innovation, has also won awards for excellence.  In 2015, NCSSM won the Spaces for Innovation Challenge sponsored by the North Carolina State Universitys Institute for Emerging Issues.   North Carolina Connections Academy North Carolina Connections Academy is a tuition-free, public online school. NCCA gives students the flexibility to learn at home with an online curriculum that meets rigorous state education standards, the school says on its website. NCCA says it helps students through a learning program featuring: A challenging  curriculum  developed by leading education expertsInstruction from  state-certified teachers  experienced in online instructionSupport from trained  counselors, principals, and administrative staffCurriculum materials needed to participate in an online learning environment Tips for Choosing an Online Public School When choosing an online public school, look for an established program that is regionally accredited and has a track record of success. Be wary of new schools that are disorganized, are unaccredited, or have been the subject of public scrutiny. If you or your children are considering choosing a tuition-free  online high school, make sure you ask questions before deciding on a program, such as graduation rates, school and teacher accreditation, and what expenses you might incur, such as books and school supplies.

Free Essays on On His Blindness

Unlike Shakespeare's poem, but still refusing to acknowledge the sonnet's traditional form, the story of Milton's "On His Blindness" is autobiographical and describes a man who has suffered enormously through the loss of his sight and his talents. These are equal to the author and he refers to them as punishments. The whole of the poem consists of questions ("Doth God exact day labour light-denied?") revealing Milton's pain and although humility is sensed, there still remains the inevitable and haunting "Why me?". However, he is answered by Patience that it is not the one who has talents who earns God's love but the one who is able to "bear his mild yoke". The idea by itself resembles the theme of stoical endurance. The main message of Milton's sonnet is emphasised by the use of symbolism. The imagery consists of references to time, light/darkness, which resemble life and talents and the loss of them, time and God, all aiming at clarifying the picture of the author's suffering. First, there is "half my days", then come the "light", spent in this "dark world and wide". The uneasy and agoraphobic atmosphere is hastened by the appearing of God's figure: "He", "my Maker" and the pain sharpened by the mentioning of "gifts" once more. The sonnet, however, finishes with Patience - a symbol of faith, strength and maturity - pleading for the hero's stoical endurance. There is a similar development of attitude in "On His Blindness". The extreme resignation from the beginning of Milton's sonnet are eventually replaced by a more objective, less personal and wiser viewpoint. The statement "His state/ is kingly" proves the hero's obedience and the fact he has accepted to "bear his mild yoke", be patient and wait for God's sign. The English poet John Milton pondered these two distinct meanings of â€Å"talent† when, in 1651, he composed the well-known sonnet on his blindness, which begins, â€Å"When I consider how my light is spent [i.e., has fa... Free Essays on On His Blindness Free Essays on On His Blindness Unlike Shakespeare's poem, but still refusing to acknowledge the sonnet's traditional form, the story of Milton's "On His Blindness" is autobiographical and describes a man who has suffered enormously through the loss of his sight and his talents. These are equal to the author and he refers to them as punishments. The whole of the poem consists of questions ("Doth God exact day labour light-denied?") revealing Milton's pain and although humility is sensed, there still remains the inevitable and haunting "Why me?". However, he is answered by Patience that it is not the one who has talents who earns God's love but the one who is able to "bear his mild yoke". The idea by itself resembles the theme of stoical endurance. The main message of Milton's sonnet is emphasised by the use of symbolism. The imagery consists of references to time, light/darkness, which resemble life and talents and the loss of them, time and God, all aiming at clarifying the picture of the author's suffering. First, there is "half my days", then come the "light", spent in this "dark world and wide". The uneasy and agoraphobic atmosphere is hastened by the appearing of God's figure: "He", "my Maker" and the pain sharpened by the mentioning of "gifts" once more. The sonnet, however, finishes with Patience - a symbol of faith, strength and maturity - pleading for the hero's stoical endurance. There is a similar development of attitude in "On His Blindness". The extreme resignation from the beginning of Milton's sonnet are eventually replaced by a more objective, less personal and wiser viewpoint. The statement "His state/ is kingly" proves the hero's obedience and the fact he has accepted to "bear his mild yoke", be patient and wait for God's sign. The English poet John Milton pondered these two distinct meanings of â€Å"talent† when, in 1651, he composed the well-known sonnet on his blindness, which begins, â€Å"When I consider how my light is spent [i.e., has fa...

What Should You Eat Before a Job Interview [Infographic]

What Should You Eat Before a Job Interview [Infographic] What you eat before your job interview is probably the last thing that you’re thinking about. You’re going over your talking points, resume, and what you’re going to wear. But your breakfast that day? Why’s that of any importance? Well, we’ve found an infographic by StandOutCVÂ  showcasing exactly why it’s important to eat well before your job interview as well as the types of food you should be eating.

Inovation on action Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Inovation on action - Essay Example Credit cards also changed from single purpose to multi-purposes in which they can be used for even hundreds of services as long as the limit allows. Use of credit cards is very convenient and secure which is the main selling point of the cards. Individuals as well as businesses prefer the use of credit cards for this purpose. However, there are a number of risks associated with these cards. Fraud and security risks have increased especially with the introduction of internet. At the same time, the use of credit cards has been associated with controversies. Most credit cards allow people to borrow money they do not have and with the debt ceiling limits, they are thought to contribute to high debt. Addressing the challenges associated with the credit card use can make them very sustainable, convenient and safe Use of plastic cards for payments is one of the best innovations in the payment industry, having many benefits appreciated by individuals but also has some risks History First Gen eration Unlike what most people would expect, the use of cards goes back to the 19th century. The first credit card was produced in 1880 in the United Kingdom. Customers would be issued with the voucher which they could use to shop from certain shops. After shopping, a person who was responsible for collecting the money used from the clients would go to their homes to collect the money. The method was convenient and offered the clients the security they deserved. The use of these vouchers is not well documented and it is not known for how ling it was used (Longemann, 2012). A few decades later, companies in the United States started to use credit cards as way of maintaining customers. In this case, customers were issued with loyalty cards which would allow them to buy goods and pay later. The cards were limited to the stores issuing them and clients could only use the cards at those particular stores or their branches. Oil companies also issued cards to their employees every three t o six months for entertainment. These cards improved business as the issuing businesses knew that the clients they provided the cards would always go back to those stores. At the same time, clients were happy that they could be allowed to make purchases only to pay later. It was convenient for the customers as they did not have to carry money around all the time they were to make purchases. In addition, they could make purchases even when they did not have money at hand (Sienkiewicz, 2001). About a decade later, Western union started to offer metallic cards to their clients. The cards gave the customers with the cards certain preferences over customers who did not have those cards (The U.K Cards Association, n.d). These cards can be termed as the first generation cards but had a lot of limitations. Second generation The next generation cards were much better compared to the first ones. This generation of cards was started by a banker at Flatbush National Bank of Brooklyn, New York, John Biggins. Biggins realized there were many people using the ban and needed something unique to retain the customers. He invented credit scripts which would be used by the consumers to make small purchases at selected merchants. Customers would present the script to the merchant who would copy the information on the script on the payment slip which would later be deposited to the bank. The customers and the merchants had to be members of the Flatbush bank for transfer of money between accounts to be completed

AIDS in Africa in the 20th Century Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

AIDS in Africa in the 20th Century - Term Paper Example food, clothes, etc. Soon enough, however, they are not only confronted with economic distress alone but also with an insurmountable social disaster. Apparently, two of the most prevalent social issues they are facing are stigmatization and discrimination. These issues are evident in a study about the women in Nigeria. This paper argues that these two social issues--stigmatization and discrimination--are the top reasons why AIDS survives up until the 20th century and beyond. Even so, both social issues worsen the problem of AIDS in Africa. Lastly, this paper suggests that if the government and other interventionists alike are really serious with their aim of eliminating AIDS in Africa, they should first gear their efforts on eliminating these two social issues. AIDS as a Social Construct Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome or AIDS is a condition brought about by HIV infection. As the disease’s name suggests, the HIV infection would make the body’s immune system deficient , making it more susceptible for other infections that may potentially compromise body functioning (Stolley and Glass 2009, 5). However, beyond this scientific definition, AIDS became known as a more complex problem. In a study by Keniston (1989, 2), he revealed that AIDS resonates problems in public health, politics, psychological processes, education, as well as issues regarding public attitude and morals. Moreover, Keniston (1989, 2) pointed out that AIDS is more of a social construct than a biological one. To date, it seems that the same still holds true. First and foremost, the spread of the virus is enacted within the sexual behavior of two individuals--clearly a social interaction. Second, cultural and social structures help shape and condition the behaviors and interactions that further spread AIDS (Keniston 1989, 2). For instance, the African society’s poverty prods women to engage in sexual trades, thereby, perpetrating the disease. Lastly, societal notions regardin g AIDS give rise to the concepts of stigma and discrimination, which contribute to oppression towards African women as well as to the worsening of Africa’s problem on AIDS. Stigma and Discrimination Stigmatization Defined In ancient times, stigma is a Greek term used to symbolize the mark on the flesh of a scandalous character, â€Å"a traitor, criminal, or slave† (Harvey 2001, quoted in Akanbi 2010, 3209). Additionally, a famous definition states that stigma is characterized as a â€Å"discrediting within a particular social interaction, as a spoiled social identity and a deviation from the attributes considered normal and acceptable by society† (Harvey et al. 2001, quoted in Akanbi 2010, 3209). Interestingly, a study made by Inside-Out Research (2003, quoted in Akanbi 2010, 3209) regarding South Africa, provides a two-fold definition of stigma: (1) internal stigma, an internal remorse that further makes the victim hide her condition, thereby, declining assista nce and access to resources, and (2) enacted or external stigma, which implies discrimination and society’s fear of association with a person who has HIV or AIDS. Factors That Brought Stigmatization A study asserts that certain natural and socio-demographic factors influence HIV/AIDS stigmatization and discrimination among women in Lagos State, Nigeria. Among these factors are related to what Liz

Corporate governance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 3

Corporate governance - Essay Example This paper attempts to find the relevance of agency theory in explaining the rise of corporate governance worldwide. In order to achieve this, it will include two other frameworks of the firm as benchmarks: stewardship theory and stakeholder theory. The starting point for this paper is to give the different accounts of the rise of corporate governance using various reliable sources. The next step is to highlight the other two frameworks of the firm and explain how they can be used in protecting the shareholders’ investments. The chosen frameworks will then be compared with the agency theory in order to establish which of the three frameworks best describes the rise of corporate governance. There are various factors that can be used to explain the rise of corporate governance. Such factors include: Separation of ownership from control; the rise of prominence of institutional shareholders; insufficient checks on powerful executives which led to scandals; the treatment of companies as separate legal entities; corporate failures caused by insufficient controls; remuneration of executives; economic globalisation; and financial crisis These factors have been considered in UK by different reports that provide specific measures on corporate governance. Such reports include: Cadbury report, Hampel report, Higgs report, the combined report, and UK stewardship report. The rise of corporate governance can be illustrated in depth by looking at the contents of these reports because they address the above factors of the rise of corporate governance. This report was provided by Cadbury committee on December 1992 to address the financial aspects of corporate governance. The code principles are based on integrity, openness and accountability. Cadbury report requires that boards of directors should be accountable to their shareholders and both should play

Performance and reward management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Performance and reward management - Essay Example What is required in this day and age is a vision to set things right and that too in the long run scheme of things. The payroll costs are decreasing and so are the cuts within the performance rewards for the sake of the employees. This is because the payroll costs have meant an extra burden on the organizations and add to that the discussion of the performance rewards is something that is completely out of sync with the understanding that one reaches upon. Therefore, what is deemed as significant here is the reckoning that performance rewards will give in the best mileage if these are handled in a proper and adequate way, and when the organizations understand that the employees are their most prizes resources, and giving them incentives would only mean more and more success at the end of the day. This paper discusses why payroll costs are a burden on the shoulders of the organizations in the current times and how the performance rewards are discerned and measured in the same perspect ive. The payroll costs within the organizations could be brought down if there is a sense of purpose and collective responsibility within the top management domains to make the same as a possible initiative. What this suggests is the fact that organizations in this day and age are doing their utmost to make sure that the payroll costs are brought under the hammer but what they are forgetting all this while is the understanding that these elements need to be tackled in a proper perspective and with immense foresight. More than anything else, there is a need to set things right which unfortunately the payroll costs and deductions in the same might not fulfill. Therefore, one can deem the same comprehensions to be out of sync because the employees are looking to expand on their salaries through pay raises and the like but what the organizations are looking forward to offering them are totally opposite pay structures (Heyes, 1996). However balancing the two seems like a difficult exerci se, and more so when the talk goes out loud regarding the payroll costs being a massive burden on the organizational shoulders. Therefore, much consideration is indeed important towards the relevant domains because the organizations of today are banking direly on the positives that the employees can incorporate within their ranks. The payroll costs are important to have know-how about because these form the essence of an employee’s realms and he would never appreciate if these are cut down for no mistake of his (Poole, 1998). When the payroll costs are thought of as a burden, then the organizations cannot derive much sanity from the related ranks. Hence it is always a good practice to think of these payroll costs in the light of the money spent on the resources which are available at the disposal of the organizations, and it is this arsenal which forms the backbone under the related scenarios. The changing business environment circumstances usually implicate for the discussio n on payroll costs coming to the fore. What this suggests is the fact that the payroll costs would be seen as a burden on the shoulders of the organization and that the employees would view the entire ballgame of salaries and pays to be a difficult task for the sake of the organizational top heads. They would find it hard to arrange for their salaries which would eventually mean that the employees

Group Project Report Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Group Project Report - Research Paper Example It is a prohibited material in Qatar. In this context, study will find out if the company’s TQM adheres to this rule as well as to others on the matter. Through use of published literatures of the company and other guidelines, we will explore company’s Total Quality Management policies and practices. Findings will help management assess if its present practices need further improvement. Study finds out certain compliance but nevertheless saw the need for some revitalization. Does Qatar Plastic Product Co. Apply a Desirable TQM? I. Introduction Total quality management (TQM) has been an important feature in the operational aspects of operation in both business and manufacturing. Poor quality of service often times lead to unsatisfied customers that in turn result to loss of customers. In one way or another, everyone had unsatisfactory experiences of dissatisfaction over a product. These experiences might run from a major complaint to an inconsequential claim, like mechan ical defects of a newly purchased brand new car; late delivery of Pizza, or physical defects of a product. Customers are further infuriated when employees of the company are not properly trained to respond to these situations. The outcomes of these attitudes are loss of customers and gain of competitors that can take advantage of that need. In today’s competitive global market situation, companies must understand the powerful impact of providing quality service. The recent decline of the economy should lead company to realize that the most powerful manner to remain competitive is by implementing high standards of quality and to realize that in business, satisfaction of customers should be first priority. Let us begin this discussion of what Total Quality Management (TQM) is. It is defined as â€Å"The continuous process of reducing or eliminating errors in manufacturing, streamlining supply chain management, improving the customer experience and ensuring that employees are u p-to-speed with their training. Total quality management aims to hold all parties involved in the production process as accountable for the overall quality of the final product or service.† (Investopedia). This definition gives further illustration of TQM in service and in manufacturing industries. Manufacturing produces tangible products that can be seen, felt, or measured. Examples are food items, furniture and equipment, all of which are tangibles. Most common measures for manufactured products are conformance to specified standards; performance such as speed of a vehicle; durability – life span of the product; and serviceability - ease of repair. Service industries on the other hand are intangibles that cannot be seen or touched, but is explained more through experience. Since these are not physical, satisfaction of customers are difficult to measure. Oftentimes, in order to measure service satisfactions, customers’ perceptions which are subjective, are used. Such things are traits like satisfaction on the delivery of service, promptness, friendliness, courtesy of staff, timeliness, and those sorts of perceptions. This study has identified Qatar Plastic Product Company, one of the biggest companies in Qatar that manufactures flexible packaging using polyethylene resins. Since there are so many world-wide qualms

One flew over the cuckoo's nest Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

One flew over the cuckoo's nest - Essay Example Originally entering the ward in a bid to escape having to serve jail time, McMurphy quickly sizes up the other patients and determines what each can do to help make his stay in the ward more comfortable and exciting. However, as he comes into direct conflict with the high level of manipulation and oppression directed through the heavy hand of Big Nurse Ratched, the Irishman's energy and focus becomes a driving need to thwart her efforts. Since it appears that Nurse Ratched's primary goal is to keep the patients on the ward completely subdued and under her control, McMurphy concentrates on helping them recover their own sense of power and independence. As he constantly challenges Nurse Ratched's authority and demonstrates to the men on the ward that they have their own inner power to defy her wishes, McMurphy reveals to the men various ways in which they can help themselves break out of the mental traps in which they'd allowed themselves to be trapped. Although he didn't set out to em power the patients or to play any role positive or negative in their rehabilitation, it can be argued that Randy McMurphy was more successful than Nurse Ratched in rehabilitating the patients. By comparing Nurse Ratched's approach to the patients with McMurphy's approach, it is easy to see that even though both characters lost something important to them, McMurphy was more successful in helping these patients rehabilitate. It is clear from the beginning of the book that Nurse Ratched's primary goal is to ensure all the people within her domain are completely subjugated to her command so that she can 'fix' them the way she sees fit. Her purpose in working with the patients is to break them down until they are completely submissive to her instructions and desires. These desires are that the patients be fixed to work like the well-oiled machine they were intended to be, which the narrator makes clear right away in his description of the tools of her trade that she carries in her handba g: "there's no compact or lipstick or woman stuff, she's got that bag full of a thousand parts she aims to use in her duties today - wheels and gears, cogs polished to a hard glitter, tiny pills that gleam like porcelain, needles, forceps, watchmakers pliers, rolls of copper wire ... " (10). The tools of her trade are the tools of a mechanic intent on putting broken machines back together. There is no sense that she values the human spirit that ignites each soul as she works to break down the patients' resistance so that she can organize their universe for them. "The Big Nurse tends to get real put out if something keeps her outfit from running like a smooth, accurate, precision-made machine ... what she dreams of there in those wires is a world of precision efficiency and tidiness like a pocket watch with a glass back" (30). This concept of the patient as a broken clock continues to be mentioned by the narrator, Chief Bromden, who illustrates the fear and mistrust the other men hav e of her motives. She appears in her description like a giant mechanical spider sitting â€Å"in the center of this web of wires like a watchful robot, tend[s] her network with mechanical insect skill, know[s] every second which wire runs where and just what current to send up to get the results she wants† (30). Whether or not she is truly intent on helping these men heal within the limits

Group Project Report Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Group Project Report - Research Paper Example It is a prohibited material in Qatar. In this context, study will find out if the company’s TQM adheres to this rule as well as to others on the matter. Through use of published literatures of the company and other guidelines, we will explore company’s Total Quality Management policies and practices. Findings will help management assess if its present practices need further improvement. Study finds out certain compliance but nevertheless saw the need for some revitalization. Does Qatar Plastic Product Co. Apply a Desirable TQM? I. Introduction Total quality management (TQM) has been an important feature in the operational aspects of operation in both business and manufacturing. Poor quality of service often times lead to unsatisfied customers that in turn result to loss of customers. In one way or another, everyone had unsatisfactory experiences of dissatisfaction over a product. These experiences might run from a major complaint to an inconsequential claim, like mechan ical defects of a newly purchased brand new car; late delivery of Pizza, or physical defects of a product. Customers are further infuriated when employees of the company are not properly trained to respond to these situations. The outcomes of these attitudes are loss of customers and gain of competitors that can take advantage of that need. In today’s competitive global market situation, companies must understand the powerful impact of providing quality service. The recent decline of the economy should lead company to realize that the most powerful manner to remain competitive is by implementing high standards of quality and to realize that in business, satisfaction of customers should be first priority. Let us begin this discussion of what Total Quality Management (TQM) is. It is defined as â€Å"The continuous process of reducing or eliminating errors in manufacturing, streamlining supply chain management, improving the customer experience and ensuring that employees are u p-to-speed with their training. Total quality management aims to hold all parties involved in the production process as accountable for the overall quality of the final product or service.† (Investopedia). This definition gives further illustration of TQM in service and in manufacturing industries. Manufacturing produces tangible products that can be seen, felt, or measured. Examples are food items, furniture and equipment, all of which are tangibles. Most common measures for manufactured products are conformance to specified standards; performance such as speed of a vehicle; durability – life span of the product; and serviceability - ease of repair. Service industries on the other hand are intangibles that cannot be seen or touched, but is explained more through experience. Since these are not physical, satisfaction of customers are difficult to measure. Oftentimes, in order to measure service satisfactions, customers’ perceptions which are subjective, are used. Such things are traits like satisfaction on the delivery of service, promptness, friendliness, courtesy of staff, timeliness, and those sorts of perceptions. This study has identified Qatar Plastic Product Company, one of the biggest companies in Qatar that manufactures flexible packaging using polyethylene resins. Since there are so many world-wide qualms

Internal Analysis and SWOT Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Internal Analysis and SWOT Analysis - Essay Example According to this book, the definition of physical resources is too general. However, according to other scholars, it gives a wider definition of physical resources to be the resources that are produced from the skills of man. This website brings out a better view than the book. The website also gives more information than is necessary. Used in an internal analysis, to show the wealth accumulation of the firm in terms of assets. According to a certain website, financial resources are the monetary sources of a firm. The website only gives a general view with a few examples. On other website, it only considers financial resources as money loans from banks. Most of the information is on banks, and it gives the wrong information or picture. This is because the finances are more to do with more than one single source. This can be used in an internal analysis to show the economic ability of a company (Marc, 2003). Human resources are all the people who compose the employees of an association who work towards the achievement of the goals of this organization (mark, 2003). This book gives a good description of human resource. This does not give the true picture of human resource as it gives information on workers of a company. Human resource is used to measure the level of motivation in a company. It can also be used to show the level of activity in a company and the cost of production. In the analysis, it is used to measure the level of efficiency and the social responsibility of a company. Technical resources are those assets owned by the company that can be used to improve or for the benefit of technology in an organization. This can be in terms of technological formulas or personnel with good experience and technical knowhow. According to William (1998), they describe the technology in details, which is meant to mean technical resources. It gives technology a depth description of its work and how it is used. Technology is used in an analysis, to measure

Various human Essay Example for Free

Various human Essay Given the widespread human rights violations in the world today, it becomes very important to set up a system that would cater to both the general need of the entire world as well as specific needs of a particular region. An ideal human rights system would be one that would take global ideas and try and implement them locally. It should be both idealistic as well as practical. Various human rights systems across the world have tried various permutations and combinations to achieve perfection in the field of redressing human rights violations. The Inter American system of human rights is one such system which has tried to incorporate as many good aspects of redressal as possible. However, the said system has its faults like all others. The strong point of the system that can be duplicated in any part of the world is the basic conventions on which the system is based, namely, the American Declaration of Rights and Duties of Man and the American Convention of Human Rights. Both these documents provide for all kinds of human rights envisaged in the world and also provide for procedure to redress in case of any infringement. These documents form the basis of the human rights grievance redressal forum that is to be established by the Government. While setting up a new system in a unknown country this is one aspect that can be duplicated. However, care should be taken to make the new law for that particular region inclusive of the rights that are special to that region. Only then will the instrument be as effective as these documents. Another good aspect of the Inter American System of Human Rights is the existence of the Inter American Human Rights Commission and the Inter American Human Rights Court. Both these mechanisms are independent and separate and have different powers and functions. While the Commission receives, analyses and investigates into violations and then gives its recommendations, the Court adjudicates on the various issues brought before it. Commission is recommendatory in nature while Court is adjudicatory. These two separate mechanisms are necessary so as to ensure that the dual aspect of promotion of awareness and protection of human rights can be achieved with minimal problems and maximum effectiveness. The third positive and duplicable aspect of the Inter American System of Human Rights is the fact that it does not consider the Human Rights Court to be an Appellate Authority over the Domestic Judicial System. This helps maintain integrity of both systems. The Human Rights Court has been established to investigate and adjudicate gross violations of human rights. In case a domestic court has refused to follow due process of law and has caused serious violation of human rights to an individual, then the Human Rights Court can intervene and adjudicate. The order so passed by the Court is binding on the parties who have subjected themselves to the jurisdiction of the Court. The fact that such a mechanism exists can help ensure that the domestic judicial systems do not cause gross violations of human rights. The Human Rights Court performs the role of a watchdog over the functioning of the domestic Courts and law enforcement systems. Like all good things, the Inter American System has its problem areas which, if avoided will create an ideal system. The first problem area in the Inter American Human Rights system is the need for a State to subject itself to the jurisdiction of the Human Rights Court. This means that if a State has ratified and signed a particular treaty or convention, and the State chooses to violate the rights enshrined in the said treaty or convention, then in such a case, the Human Rights Court has no right to adjudicate but can only advise the Commission and recommend appropriate action to the State in question. This defeats the entire purpose of protection against infringement of human rights. A State is thus given a protective mechanism but without any teeth, which is of no use. Thus in the new system that is to be created, care should be taken to ensure that ratification of a convention or treaty automatically means accepting the jurisdiction of the Court. This helps enforce the rights enshrined and also ensures adequate redressal in case of violation by the State. Also the Commission in the Inter American System has only investigative and recommendatory powers. This is sufficient in most cases but in some areas it is necessary to let the Commission decide for itself on the proper relief and make it enforceable. The Commission is the first step of the redressal system and after the Commission’s recommendations have been ignored, the Court steps in. In some countries, this would mean more expenditure and more delay in attaining justice. Hence where the Commission feels that the problem is of an urgent and grave nature, then powers should be given to the Commission to pass orders that are binding and enforceable. Secondly, the Inter American System does not allow for individuals to approach the Court directly in person but only through the State or the Commission. In the new system, we can try allowing individuals to approach the Court directly. A victim can appropriately and more effectively put forth his case and this would result in a more positive and direct approach on the part of the Court. Commission on the other hand is a third party which is not affected and hence cannot put forth the problem with the same intensity. The above discussion sums up some of the positive and negative aspects of the Inter American System of Human Rights. If the legislators were to keep these points in mind then the resulting system of human rights protection would be a good and effective one. References Abi-Mershed, E. (1994, November/December).Thirty-Five Years Defending Human Rights. Americas (English Edition). Retrieved March 2, 2007, from Questia database: http://www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=od=5000289318 Buergenthal, T. (1982). The Inter-American Court of Human Rights. American Journal of International Law, 76(2), 231-245. Retrieved March 2, 2007, from Questia database: http://www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=od=85595942 Pasqualucci, J. M. (2003). The Practice and Procedure of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. Retrieved March 2, 2007, from Questia database: http://www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=od=107345000.

The Child?s Hidden Tiger Essay -- essays research papers

The Child’s Hidden Tiger In the short story The Child by Tiger, Thomas Wolfe portrays mans dark side through the unexpected madness of the seemingly good-natured Dick Prosser and the actions taken by the town people. This story is set in an era when people believed race determined the moral character of a person. Many viewed blacks as social outcast and hence the cause of most crimes. This is true to the extent that African Americans were committing a large number of petty crimes, but were they really the cause. Many factors play into determining a cause, and in this case it is quite evident that the social conditions in which African Americans were forced to live in contributed to there social behavior. However, can these pressures push a man to mental madness and drive him towards mass murder? It is not just to say that he is without fault, but it is true to say that, the coldness of one man will decrease the warmth of another. The story gives us a glimpse of Dick’s life a short period before the cl imax. We are left to probe clues and use our imagination and intuition to come to a personal conclusion of why Dick committed mass murder. The time in which the story takes place was a period of severe racial discrimination especially toward Blacks. The most prevalent attitude toward African Americans was that they were somehow inferior to the whites. This is evident by the referral of Dick as the â€Å"Shepperton’s Negro man† (Wolfe 24). â€Å"Mr. Shepperton himself Arellano 2 declared ... The Child?s Hidden Tiger Essay -- essays research papers The Child’s Hidden Tiger In the short story The Child by Tiger, Thomas Wolfe portrays mans dark side through the unexpected madness of the seemingly good-natured Dick Prosser and the actions taken by the town people. This story is set in an era when people believed race determined the moral character of a person. Many viewed blacks as social outcast and hence the cause of most crimes. This is true to the extent that African Americans were committing a large number of petty crimes, but were they really the cause. Many factors play into determining a cause, and in this case it is quite evident that the social conditions in which African Americans were forced to live in contributed to there social behavior. However, can these pressures push a man to mental madness and drive him towards mass murder? It is not just to say that he is without fault, but it is true to say that, the coldness of one man will decrease the warmth of another. The story gives us a glimpse of Dick’s life a short period before the cl imax. We are left to probe clues and use our imagination and intuition to come to a personal conclusion of why Dick committed mass murder. The time in which the story takes place was a period of severe racial discrimination especially toward Blacks. The most prevalent attitude toward African Americans was that they were somehow inferior to the whites. This is evident by the referral of Dick as the â€Å"Shepperton’s Negro man† (Wolfe 24). â€Å"Mr. Shepperton himself Arellano 2 declared ...

William Blake Essay -- Biographies Art Poetry Literature Papers

William Blake Romantic Poetry has been written since the late seventeen hundreds up past the first reform bill passed in 1832. There were many romantic poets in the Romantic Era, many who have touched the hearts of many readers and still do till this day. William Blake was one of the first English Romantic poets to exist. This paper focuses on some of the history of William Blake’s life, William Blake as a Romantic Poet, and some songs from two of his famous books, "The Songs of Innocence" and "The Songs of Experience". Included in this paper are some of William Blake’s fabulous art creations, I also have a personal interpretation of some of his poems. To view the poem just simply click on the title of the poem and you will have full access to the plate that the poem was printed on. When finished with this paper click on the hyperlinks found in my bibliography and you will have instant access to the world of William Blake. BIOGRAPHY William Blake was born on November 28, 1757; he was the first of the great English Romantic poets as well as a painter, engraver and printer. William Blake was the third son of a London hosier, he was brought up in a poor house hold and had very little schooling. "Blake lived in or near to London, a city which dominates much of his work, whether as the nightmare 'London' of the Songs of Experience, or the London which Blake saw as the 'New Jerusalem', the kingdom of God on earth." Blake obtained most of his education through readings of the Bible, of Milton and Greek and Latin classic literature. "Blake is frequently referred to as a mystic, but this is not really accurate. He deliberately wrote in the style of the Hebrew prophets and envisioned his works as expressions of proph... ... wrote the sequel The Songs of Experience. He wrote The Songs of Experience to demonstrate that, reality brings on experience. I hope that after reading this paper and browsing through the hyperlinks included, you know understand how William Blake’s poems and artwork tie into one another and why he is one of the greatest Romantic poets that has ever lived. BIBLIOGRAPHY Timeline of Blake's Life, Art and Literary Work http://camel2.conncoll.edu/ccacad/english/Blake/timeline.html The Blake WEB By: David W. Downie http://198.247.176.53/ The Poets Corner http://www.geocities.com/~spanoudi/poems/blake01.html The William Blake Page http://members.aa.net/~urizen/blake_text.html The William Blake Web Museum http://sunsite.sut.ac.jp/wm/paint/auth/blake/ The Time Line of William Blake http://camel2.conncoll.edu/ccacad/english/blake/timeline.html

Prom Nights from Hell Chapter Twelve

Miranda, dressed in the blue uniform, pushed aside the man she'd just hit over the head with the clock to reach Sibby. She still had handcuff bracelets around her wrists, each dangling a piece of chain. Her wrists, her hands, were shaking. She lifted the unconscious girl gently. â€Å"Sibby, come on, open your eyes.† It wasn't supposed to have taken so long. The plan had been simple: She and Sibby would switch identities by switching outfits. When Deputy Reynolds double-crossed them, like Miranda knew he would, it would be Miranda disguised as Sibby he'd hand over to his crew, and she'd deal with them, then come back and rescue Sibby. At least, that's how it should have gone. â€Å"Okay, Sib, time to wake up,† Miranda said, carrying the girl now, cradling her pressed against her chest as she moved as quickly as possible. She could hear Sibby's heartbeat, but it was faint, and slow. Getting fainter. This is not happening. â€Å"Rise and shine, Sibby,† she said, her voice cracking. â€Å"Up and at 'em.† Miranda hadn't expected to find all five of Deputy Reynolds's goons waiting for her-shouldn't someone have been in the getaway car? – and especially hadn't anticipated the woman he'd picked up from the airport having rhinestone-studded brass knuckles. The blow to the head had given them time to cuff Miranda to a pipe and made her a little weak, so it had taken her longer than it should have to knock them off with a series of roundhouse kicks and one side scissor, then break the chain on the cuffs and free herself. Giving Deputy Reynolds more time with Sibby's esophagus than she'd planned. A lot more. The heartbeat was getting softer, harder to hear. â€Å"I'm so sorry, Sibby. I should have gotten here sooner. I tried my best, but I couldn't get the handcuffs off and I was too weak and I failed and-† Miranda was having trouble seeing and realized she was crying. She stumbled but kept running. â€Å"Sibby, you've got to be okay. You can't go. If you don't come back, I swear I'll never have fun again. Not once.† The heartbeat was just a whisper now, the girl in her arms a pale ghost. Miranda choked back a sob. â€Å"God, Sibby, please-â€Å" Sibby's eyes flickered. Color surged into her cheeks and her heart picked up. â€Å"Did it work?† she whispered. Miranda swallowed the huge lump in her throat and resisted the urge to crush her. â€Å"It worked.† â€Å"Did you-â€Å" â€Å"Clocked him with the clock, as requested.† Sibby smiled, reached her hand up to Miranda's cheek, then closed her eyes again. They didn't reopen until they were in the car with the historical society behind them. She sat up and looked around. â€Å"I'm in the front seat.† â€Å"Special occasion,† Miranda explained. â€Å"Don't get used to it.† â€Å"Right.† Sibby worked her neck back and forth. â€Å"That was a good plan. Trading outfits so they'd think you were me and not worry so much about restraints.† â€Å"They still went all out.† Miranda pushed the cape back. â€Å"I broke the chain, but I can't get the bracelets off.† Thinking for some reason of Kenzi at the prom saying, Are you ready to unshackle yourself from the insecurities of your youth? Are you ready to own your future? â€Å"What happened to Plant Boy?† â€Å"I called in an anonymous tip telling them where to find him and the bodies of the guards he shot. He should be on his way to jail.† â€Å"How did you know you were right? That he was trying to trick us?† â€Å"I can tell when people are lying.† â€Å"How?† â€Å"Different things. Little gestures. Mostly by listening to their heartbeats.† â€Å"Like if they speed up, they're lying?† â€Å"Everyone is different. You need to know how they react when they're telling the truth to know how they react when they're lying. His heartbeat gets slower, more even when he lies, like he's trying to be extra careful.† Sibby looked at her more closely. â€Å"You can hear people's heartbeats?† â€Å"I hear a lot of things.† Sibby took that in. â€Å"When Plant Boy was strangling me because he thought I was you? He called me Princess. And said some people thought you had superpowers like a teen Wonder Woman or something.† Miranda felt her chest get tight. â€Å"He did?† â€Å"And he said there was a bounty on your head. Alive or dead. Although I'm sorry to say that I'm worth ten times as much as you are.† â€Å"It's not nice to brag.† â€Å"Is it true? That you're Wonder Woman?† â€Å"Maybe the lack of oxygen went to your head but Wonder Woman is a comic-book character. Made up. I'm a real, normal person.† Sibby snorted. â€Å"You are definitely not normal. You're totally neurotic.† A pause. â€Å"That wasn't an answer. Are you really a princess with superpowers?† â€Å"Are you really a sacred prophet who knows everything that is going to happen?† Their eyes met. Neither of them said anything. Sibby stretched, sprawling out over the front seat, and Miranda turned up the radio and they drove on in silence, both of them smiling. After a few miles Sibby said, â€Å"I'm starving. Could we stop for a burger?† â€Å"Yeah, but we're on a schedule, so no kissing strange guys.† â€Å"I knew you were going to say that.†

Effects of the Social Networking Sites to the Study Habits of the 4th year High School Students Essay

CHAPTER 1 Introduction Nowadays, technology is already taking over the world. They use technology in different ways. It is a big help especially in communicating. Social networking sites are products of technology and also one way of communicating with each other. Everyone is fond of using social networking sites. They consider it as a part of our daily lives. They love sharing pictures, expressing our feelings and thoughts, and blogging about new things. Almost everyone uses Facebook, Twitter, Tumblr, Instagram and many more. They enjoy using them especially teenagers. They share almost everything they do and express their unsaid thoughts, ideas and emotions. But does their addiction in using these social networking sites still benefits them? They can say that social networking sites are good inventions in terms of connecting and socializing but teenagers who are fond of using these can’t seem to get enough. Some of them or MOST of them certainly use these every now and then. It is really ironic that they still have time to share in social networking sites that they have tons of home works and quizzes instead of just spending their time in studying and doing their school works. For the 4th year students, they really need to have a good time management because they need to imply the requirements they are obligated to do in order to graduate from high school. They need to be responsible in dividing our time in many things but how come that they can still find time to use these social networking sites? Do these social networking sites already affect their study habits? The  researchers want to know if these social networking sites affect the study habits of the 4th year students and how can they maintain good study habits without being distracted. We also wanted to know if these social networking sites can help them in their way of studying. This study is conducted to know the good and bad effects of social networking sites to the students and to know how to improve and prevent it. Background of the Problem One of the obligations of the teenagers is to study. Their role is to become a hardworking student and a good child to their parents. As students, they are expected to give their best in their studies to have good grades. Their parents give every effort they can give to send their children in school with a high quality education. Nowadays, there are a lot of ways in improving the way of educating the students. Technology is one of those. Technology like internet can help to broaden the knowledge of a student and makes it easier for them to study but technology can also be a reason for the students to limit their knowledge in what they can get from here. Internet is the best and easiest contribution of technology in terms of communicating, researching and studying. All of these in just one click. Internet cannot only help the students in doing their home works and researches but also in communicating and socializing. There are a lot of websites used by the teenagers to socialize. These websites are called Social networking sites. In these sites, they can chat with their friends and share photos and thoughts with them. These sites are also used in advertising products that can be useful for the students. These sites are a good invention but they also have disadvantages to the people especially to the students. Good study habits are important in maintaining good grades in school but students tend to overuse these social networking sites which limit their time in studying. They were expected to spend more time in studying but because of these social networking sites they tend to be distracted. They spent most of their time in using their social networking sites and lessen their time in studying. As time goes by, the situations are getting worse. There may come to a point where students will just use their social networking sites instead of studying which may lead to a bigger problem like affecting their grades and way of learning. It may cause their  laziness and non compliance in their subjects. These problems may lead to the bad academic performance. Statement of the Problem The researcher primarily aimed to know how the networking sites affect the study habits of the 4th year students in Divine Light Academy. This study is purposively conducted to know the advantages and disadvantages of the social networking sites to the graduating students and their way of studying. Specifically, this study ought to answer the following questions: 1. Before, students used to concentrate with there studies but now that social networking sites are invented, how does they spend their time in terms of studying? 2. The students are fond of using the internet to accomplish their school works easily but internet also allows them to use social networking sites, Can they concentrate with their school works while using social networking sites at the same time? 3. Good study habits are maintained by the students with the sense of discipline and good time management unfortunately, they became fans of social networking sites can they still have good study habits despite of their continuous use of social networking sites? Hypothesis Null Hypothesis 1. The 4th year students of Divine Light Academy are spending so much time in using social networking sites. 2. They spend less time in studying. 3. They have poor study habits and time management. Operational Hypothesis 1. The 4th year students of Divine Light Academy spend less time in studying when they are using social networking sites 2. They are used of doing their homework and researches while using their social networking sites. 3. They can’t concentrate when they are using social networking sites while studying and they can have better study habits without these sites Conceptual Framework Fig.1 Effects of the Social Networking Sites to the Study Habit Input * How students spend their time each day in terms of Studying and Using Social networking sites? * Do they use social networking sites while doing assignments, especially when doing researches? * Can they concentrate in doing their homework without checking on their blogs or other sites? * In what way can they maintain good study habits? With the use of social networking sites or without the use of social networking sites? * What do they do first once they open a computer to do a research or homework? Process * Observing their performance in class and if they can comply to the requirements * needed in their subjects. * Asking about their study habits and their use of social networking sites. * Interviewing them about their daily routine and their way of balancing their studiesand their use of social networking sites. * Giving questionnaires to the respondents to gather data. Output * By just simply observing, the researcher will know if the student’s performance is satisfying or not. * By asking about their study habits, the researcher will know the reason why their class performance is satisfying or not. * They would feel and know that they need to * improve their study habits and avoid or lessen the distraction. * The lack of study habits can be change with * the questionnaires that are given to them. Definition of Terms 1. Academic Performance- the basis for your overall grades. 2. Blogging- is a way of sharing comments, opinions or articles in internet 3. Communicating- is to impart; to reveal or to share 4. Daily Routine- is a set of things you do in your everyday life. 5. Education- is the systematic training of moral and intellectual faculties. 6. Facebook- is a social networking site wherein you can add new friends, chat and share pictures and comments. 7. Instagram- is a social networking site wherein you can share any photo and video you want. 8. Roles- is the function or part. 9. Social networking sites- are the websites wherein you can socialize with other people. 10. Socializing- is to render socially 11. Students- the beneficiaries and the ones who absorb all the things that the teachers are teaching. 12. Study habits- is the act of acquiring knowledge or application of the mind in a usual or customary time. 13. Teenagers- youth with between 13 and 19 said of age. 14. Time Management- this is the skill to manage your time to finish the things that you wanted to accomplish. 15. Tumblr- a social networking site wherein you can blog any photo, video, quotes or even an article about any topic you want. 16. Twitter- you can share or tweet (as what term used in that site) about anything using 140 characters only. 17. Websites- the pages you used when your using internet Theoretical Framework Before, students used to concentrate with there studies but now that social networking sites are invented their time is divided in using social networking sites and studying each day. They may spend more time in using social networking sites than studying or they may do it the other way around. The students are fond of using the internet to accomplish their school works easily but internet also allows them to use social networking sites while doing their assignments and when they’re doing researches. Can they finish their school works without checking their blogs or other sites? Good study habits are maintained by the students with the sense of discipline and good time management unfortunately, they became fans of social networking sites can they still have good study habits despite of their continuous use of social networking sites? By observing and asking them about their studies and daily routine, we can know if their studies are affected by their addiction of social networking sites. We can observe if they are doing well in their class and if they can concentrate to their studies without being distracted. By just simply observing, the researcher will know if the student’s performance is satisfying or not. The researcher can interpret the data gathered to know the reason why their class performance is like that. The interpreted data will give the researcher the conclusion to the problems stated in the study.

City environment by non-visual senses

Introduction:It is known to all, the ocular feeling of metropolis environment is intuitively the most direct and powerful centripetal experience for citizens with good sight. It is beyond uncertainties that visual sense plays a dominant function among all the senses. Ocular sense provides more information for people when they situate in a new topographic point, particularly the orientation in infinite. Porteous ( 1996, p. 3 ) one time mentioned, vision is active and intensive: ‘we expression ; odors and sounds come to us. ‘ The prejudice of ocular sense can besides be easy found in the most of the building procedure – Architects nowadays focus more on ocular environment. Although vision is the really of import sense, the urban environment is non merely perceived by eyes. The changing of the information we receive from eyes is merely the really initial measure of the centripetal experience. The developing and underexploited non-visual senses besides contribute vastl y to the profusion of the perceptual experience and knowledge. In this research, the research worker will analyze what roles do non-visual senses play in urban infinites and how/what will people comprehend a topographic point without sight. In peculiar, the research will concentrate on the different maps of each sense and how to the usage them ( e.g. sound, touch, odor, gustatory sensation ) to do a public infinite work successfully and alone. The end of this survey is to polish our current apprehension of feeling a topographic point and to supply an intensive reading of non-visual senses which has been ignored by most of interior decorators and users. From a long-run position, the consequences of this research can besides cast some new visible radiation in making a public infinite which is combined both the ocular and non-visual senses and offers more centripetal experiences to people.Background.Constricted, we understand and interpret the metropolis through the proficient instead than the sensory, yet it is the sensory from which we build experiencing and emotion and through which our personal psychological landscapes are built. These in bend determine how good or severely a topographic point works – even economically, allow entirely socially or culturally – and how it feels to its dwellers and visitants. ( Landry 2006 p40 ) If our apprehension is limited to a ocular apprehension, we merely concentrate on forms. If, nevertheless, we go beyond visual aspects, we start a spacial apprehension, a three dimensional experience. We can come in this infinite, instead than merely see it. The same applies to the design of infinites. We do non make mere visual aspects but infinites that we can utilize for different intents. ( Madanipour 1996 p99 ) As the citations at the beginning of this chapter high spot, citizens are affected intensively by the infinites and topographic points – non merely the organic structure, but besides the heads and senses every bit good. Since the early 1960s, the knowledge of environmental perceptual experience has developed. Along with the increasing surveies being conducted, there now generates a critical organic structure on people ‘s perceptual experience of their urban milieus. The construct of mental ‘maps ‘ and images of metropoliss are the nucleus surveies for sense of topographic point in the field. More significantly, the publication of Kevin Lynch ‘s The Image of the City ( 1960 ) is the important work in the field of urban imagination. Furthermore, harmonizing to the reactions of human sensory system, the four most valuable senses in feeling the environment are vision, hearing, touch and odor. The research and articles around the subject ‘sense of topo graphic point ‘ were so flourished. It is widely considered that most public infinites is a ocular 1, as Fran & A ; ccedil ; ois Molnar ( 1997 ) points out, ‘visual system is sensitive to spacial frequences, of which some seem privileged. ‘ and ‘responds straight to each of a figure of different spacial frequences ‘ ( p.227 ) However, it has been argued that the experience of public infinites besides affect the senses in other ways. In the foreword of the October 1991 issue of The Architectural Review, the editor provinces: ‘we appreciate a topographic point non merely by its impact on our ocular cerebral mantle but by the manner in which it sounds, it feels and odors. ‘ ( p.5 ) The geographic expeditions of the relationship between each different sense and how they relate with infinite are besides good developed. For case, Lang ( 1994 ) points out that an environment ‘s ‘soundscape ‘ ‘can be orchestrated in much the same manner as its ocular qualities by the pick of stuffs used for the surfaces of the environment and the nature of objects within it. ‘ ( p.33 ) Furthermore, another designer, Juhani Pallasmaa examined the representation of touch in his book The Eyes of the Skin ( 2005 ) ; he claimed that ‘Vision reveals what touch already knows. We could beli eve of the sense of touch as the unconscious of vision. ‘ It is true that designers and research workers have already noticed the importance portion that both the ocular and non-visual senses play in urban infinite. Therefore, based on the old surveies and statements, this research will turn out the maps of non-visual senses harmonizing to a series of methods and the consequences of the research will be utile in later relevant design undertaking.Theoretical model.Although some recent surveies enriched the literature of centripetal design, there is still however an ignorance of non-visual senses for bulk of people. Furthermore, it is common to detect that non-visual senses are underplayed and developing in pattern. Although non-visual senses contribute to a profusion of comprehending a topographic point, it seems that the cardinal maps of non-visual senses are wholly forgotten by most of interior decorators. For this ground, the creative activity of some public infinites presen ts is deficiency of assorted or exciting experience for users. To turn to this ignorance in planing, this research is conducted to specifically research what roles do non-visual senses play in urban infinites and how people perceive a topographic point without sight. These are two core research inquiries of this proposed research, the research is conducted through two stairss – the observations and interviews of blind people and blindfolded experiments in sighted people. Sing the inquiry which mentioned at the beginning of the proposal that why non-visual senses are easy ignored by most of people? Although the experience of a infinite is composed of the information from every sense, as Landry ( 2006 ) mentioned ‘sight are better articulated, because in general we have a rich vocabulary about physical visual aspect ‘ ( p50 ) and most of users, include interior decorators for public infinite are the people with good eye-sight. Therefore, in order to reply the inquiries of what sort of information of the milieus will users receive via non-visual senses and what will the infinite nowadays without the sense of sight, unsighted people is chosen as the sample to analyze, as they correspond with the research conditions – they can merely read the milieus by sound, touch, odor and even gustatory sensation. The 2nd portion of the research is to blindfold sighted individuals and inquire them to walk through the metropolis. During this procedure, they simulate the behavior of blind participants and perceive the milieus from the unsighted people ‘s position. Catherine Thinus-blanc & A ; Florence Gannet ( 1997 ) claims in their research paper Representations of Space in Blind Persons, the grounds that other centripetal modes besides contribute to spacial experience is ‘when sighted participants are blindfolded and asked to execute spacial undertaking with non-visual-relevant information, which they accomplish without trouble ‘ this is why the research worker choose this attack to make the experiment. It will non merely re-prove the consequences from first measure that how other senses conveying the characteristic of metropolis environment, but besides give a direct and strong comparing between ocular and non-visual senses to the sighted participants. And the comparing betw een these two sorts of sense will be clearly suggested once the information was collected.Methodology.The research adopts a qualitative methodological analysis in order to lend the profusion of the literature of the field. It is really of import to indicate out that any specific method or technique is selected after serious consideration on what is theoretically desirable and what is practically and ethically possible. Finally the research selected observation and qualitative semi-structured interviews which are identified as the most suited techniques for the research harmonizing to the specific research aims and context to research the map and position of each non-visual sense, like sound, touch, odor and gustatory sensation. The remainder of this subdivision describes the inside informations of the conductivity of this research.Individual observation and interviewsAs mentioned above, the first portion of the research is to detect blind people ‘s behavior. The sample is cons isted of 10 single participants. Sing the ethical issues, all the participants will be informed before observation and interview conductivity that the information obtained in the research would maintain confidentially. Those participants will be observed two hours per twenty-four hours for their behavior in the day-to-day life and the observation of the spacial public presentations of blind people will be undertaken in topographic points where participants carry out their day-to-day activities, like eating houses, street, or cafe store. In order to research in deepness, some of participants ( about non more than five ) are chosen as the sources to carry on the interview. Semi-structured interview technique was besides employed with the consideration of the aim of the research, which is conducted in random clip after observation finished and arranged between 30 proceedingss to one hr long. The chief purpose of the interview is to complement the losing portion of observation and to re -prove the statements from the relevant paperss and surveies. Therefore, it will get down with wide inquiries and follow up harmonizing to participant ‘s replies. Participants are encouraged to speak freely during the whole procedure. The qualitative semi-structured interview inquiries are listed below:When you walking through the public infinite, which portion will you notice at the beginning? Which sense ( touch, sound, odor, and gustatory sensation ) will assist you to comprehend it?Is there an imagination map in your head when you walking through the metropolis?( If yes, inquire the participant to depict by and large how it forms )Which sense offers more information and aid you more to comprehend metropolis environment when you walking through the metropolis?Have you got the knowledge of colorss?( If yes, inquire the participant to ( a ) stipulate what colors are, ( B ) describe what the color expression like in his head, and ( degree Celsius ) how this knowledge signifier s by non-visual senses. )Which sense will assist you to find the waies and how can you find it?Have you got an apprehension of different distance? How can you understand it?Are there any attacks for you to state the differences from different sorts of infinite?Have you of all time traveled to another metropolis?( If yes, inquire the participant to depict the metropolis feeling in his head and stipulate how he feels that by non-visual senses. ) Due to the length of interviews, each interview was recorded to enable subsequent analysis of informations and word for word citations and permit the research worker to to the full concentrate on the conversation and non distracted by efforts to take notes. The common points of each participant should be summed up after analyzing. The research worker will compare the consequences with the statement from old surveies and polish how non-visual senses contribute when comprehending a public infinite.Blindfolded experimentsThe sum of the participants is around 20 or more sighted people. Experiments will take topographic point in the metropolis Centre of Nottingham. Participants will divided into little groups with maximal three people, a blindfolded one, a usher and a recording equipment, for the intent of convenience and effectual. A path map will besides be determined before get downing – from Old Market Square to Victoria Centre. The experiment starts in forepart of the City Cou ncil. The participant will walk across the cardinal of Old Market Square in darkness merely by following the voice instructions from the usher. When arrives the H2O pool located in the West of the square, the participant demand turn right and walk along the south side of the square. Then, after walking through the busy paving and traversing the traffic route, they will get at Victoria Centre. The concluding measure is to walk into the edifice and see the inside of it from non-visual facets. As is can be seen from the descriptions, the path of the experiment includes assorted alterations of the milieus – from level land to inclined surface, from exterior to interior and from the unfastened infinite to linear infinite as good. Therefore, every bantam alteration that represent on the participant should be recorded carefully. More significantly, after the blind journey, the blindfolded 1s will be asked to retrace the path with sight and the retraced path will besides be drawn dow n in order to contrast to the former 1. Furthermore, they will besides be required to show their perceptual experiences of milieus by drawings – abstract drawings about spacial feelings when they are unsighted. Each member in the group will make the experiment in bend. More participants can be chosen indiscriminately from the Old Market Square. The intent of the experiment is to hold a comparing between ocular and non-visual senses and happen out the chief characters of non-visual senses when vision is non the dominant 1. Interview them after or during the experiment about their feelings. Similar with the old one, it will get down with wide inquiries and follow up harmonizing to participant ‘s replies. The list of inquiry for interviews is stated as followers.Is the infinite represents every bit same as before when you blindfolded? Can you stipulate the differences?Can you depict your feelings now? Are at that place any alterations in the encircled infinite?( Ask these inquiries when participant is closer to the H2O pool which is located in the West of Old Market Square. )Can you detect the alteration of the ground/change of the air current way?How does the infinite represent now? Which sense aid you feel like that?( Ask these inquiries on the manner to Victoria Centre. e.g. walking through the pavement/crossroad. )Ma ke the spacial feelings alteration when you enter the Victoria Centre?( Ask this inquiry when come ining the Victoria Centre and if yes, inquire the participant to stipulate the differences. )What is the difference between exterior and interior infinite?When experiments have been done, the characters of non-visual senses will be summed up harmonizing to the experiment and interview records. The research worker will research the functions that non-visual senses play in showing the metropolis environment and set about a situational analysis on the abstract drawings and compare the retrace path with the old one.Experiment illustration.The followers is the record of a blindfolded experiment conducted by the research worker and her group members. It follows the stairss that described antecedently in the proposal. The experiment lasted about one and half hr and took topographic point in metropolis Centre of Nottingham on 19th October 2009. The followers are some infusions of the reply to the interviews: â€Å" †¦ After my eyes covered by my scarf, I can non see anything in forepart of me. Everything seems to be unknown and unsafe. The old familiar environing now turns into a universe which is like a cryptic black hole†¦ â€Å" â€Å" †¦ at the clip I lost my sight, the non-visual senses become stronger and more sensitive than usual, particularly hearing and touch†¦ I received bantam alterations from environing more easy and rapidly. Furthermore, I found that I can comprehend the environment in determining the infinite by voices around me†¦ † â€Å" †¦ while I was walking through the street, the next infinite seems to be composed of legion faces and lines. I have to state this is the really interesting and originative portion of the experiment†¦ â€Å" â€Å" †¦ interestingly, at the clip I entered the Victoria Centre, the character of the voice changed evidently. This helps me to cognize that I have already entered the inside of the edifice†¦ it seems like we are now in a immense glass box. Voice no longer stand for on planes, but comes from every way in three dimensions†¦ † These are some abstract drawings that drawn by the participants after the experiment. The participant is required to utilize simple phrases or sentences to explicate the abstract drawings.Mentions:Malnar, J.M. ; Vodvarka, F. ( 2004 ) . Centripetal Design, University of Minnesota Press.Henry, S. ( 2008 ) . Convivial Urban Spaces: Making Effective Public Places, Earthscan Publications Ltd. Press.Pallasmaa, J. ( 2005 ) . The Eyes of the Skin: Architecture and the Senses, Academy Press.Carmona, M. ; Heath, T. ; Oc, T. ; Tiesdell S. ( 2003 ) . Public Places-Urban Spaces: The Dimensions of Urban Design, Oxford: Architectural Press.Kevin, L. ( 1960 ) . The Image of the City, The MIT Press.Catherine, T. B. ; Florence, G. ( 1997 ) . Representation of Space in Blind Persons: Vision as a Spatial Sense ; Psychological Bulletin, ( 1997 ) . Vol. 121, No. 1 20-42, American Psychological Association Press.